Jewish people and Israel - light unto humanity and nations

    Dr. Reuven Reuveni - Israel
October 10, 2013

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Nobel Peace Prize winner and Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel

 

 Comparison of Arab and Jewish Nobel Prize Winners 

 

 

 

Jewish Nobel Prize Winners

From a pool of 12 million Jews which are 0.2% of the World's Population 2 out of every 1,000 people, there are 190 Jews listed since 1905 as Noble Prize Winners!!!

The Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. An associated prize in Economics has been awarded since 1969.^[1] Nobel Prizes have been awarded to 835 individuals,^[2] of whom 190 (23%) were Jews, although Jews comprise less than 0.2% of the world's population.^[3] Jews comprise 26% of Nobel Laureates in Physics, 27% of Laureates in Physiology or Medicine, and 37% of Laureates in Economics
.

Read more in "Tel Aviv Cluster" by David Brooks and Gail Collins talk between columns on the NYT.
Jews make up 2 percent of the U.S. population, but 21 percent of the Ivy League student bodies, 26 percent of the Kennedy Center honorees, 37 percent of the Academy Award-winning directors, 38 percent of those on a recent Business Week list of leading philanthropists, 51 percent of the Pulitzer Prize winners for nonfiction.

Please read the book, “The Golden Age of Jewish Achievement” by Steven L. Pease.  It lists some of the explanations people have given for this record of achievement. The Jewish faith encourages a belief in progress and personal accountability. It is learning-based, not rite-based.


Here they are one by one and according to their fields of contribution:

Literature

Year	Laureate[A]		Country[B]	Rationale[C]
1910		Paul Heyse[9]	Germany	"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[10]
1927		Henri Bergson[9]	France	"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"[11]
1958		Boris Pasternak[9]	Soviet Union	"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[12]
1966		Shmuel Yosef Agnon[9]	Israel	"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"[13]
		Nelly Sachs[9]	Germany	"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"[13]
1976		Saul Bellow[9]	United States	"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"[14]
1978		Isaac Bashevis Singer[9]	United States	"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"[15]
1981		Elias Canetti[9]	United Kingdom	"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"[16]
1987		Joseph Brodsky[9]	United States	"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"[17]
1991		Nadine Gordimer[9]	South Africa	"who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity"[18]
2002		Imre Kertész[9]	Hungary	"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"[19]
2004		Elfriede Jelinek[20]	Austria	"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[21]
2005		Harold Pinter[22]	United Kingdom	"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"[23]

 Chemistry

Year	Laureate[A]		Country[B]	Rationale[C]
1905		Adolf von Baeyer[9]	Germany	"[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[24]
1906		Henri Moissan[25]	France	"[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"[26]
1910		Otto Wallach[9]	Germany	"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[27]
1915		Richard Willstätter[9]	Germany	"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"[28]
1918		Fritz Haber[9]	Germany	"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[29]
1943		George de Hevesy[9]	Hungary	"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[30]
1961		Melvin Calvin[9]	United States	"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"[31]
1962		Max Perutz[32]	United Kingdom	"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"[33]
1972		William Howard Stein[9]	United States	"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[34]
1977		Ilya Prigogine	Belgium	"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"[35]
1979		Herbert C. Brown	United States	"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"[36]
1980		Paul Berg[9]	United States	"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[37]
		Walter Gilbert[9]	United States	"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[37]
1981		Roald Hoffmann[9]	United States	"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"[38]
1982		Aaron Klug[9]	United Kingdom	"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"[39]
1985		Jerome Karle	United States	"for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"[40]
		Herbert A. Hauptman	United States
1989		Sidney Altman[9]	Canada United States	"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"[41]
1992		Rudolph A. Marcus[9]	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"[42]
1998		Walter Kohn[9]	United States	"for his development of the density-functional theory"[43]
2004		Aaron Ciechanover	Israel	"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"[44]
		Avram Hershko	Israel
		Irwin Rose	United States
2006		Roger D. Kornberg	United States	"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"[45]
2008		Martin Chalfie[46]	United States	"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP".[47]
2009		Ada Yonath	Israel	"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"[48]

Physiology or Medicine

Year	Laureate[A]		Country[B]	Rationale[C]
1908		Élie Metchnikoff[9]	Russia	"in recognition of their work on immunity"[49]
		Paul Ehrlich[9]	Germany
1914		Robert Bárány[9]	Austria	"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[50]
1922		Otto Fritz Meyerhof[9]	Germany	"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[51]
1930		Karl Landsteiner[9]	Austria	"for his discovery of human blood groups"[52]
1931		Otto Heinrich Warburg[9] (of Jewish descent)	Germany	"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[53]
1936		Otto Loewi[9]	Austria	"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[54]
1944		Joseph Erlanger[9]	United States	"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[55]
		Herbert Spencer Gasser
1945		Ernst Boris Chain[9]	United Kingdom	"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[56]
1946		Hermann Joseph Muller[9]	United States	"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[57]
1947		Gerty Cori	United States	"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[58]
1950		Tadeusz Reichstein[9]	Switzerland	"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[59]
1952		Selman Waksman[9]	United States	"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[60]
1953		Hans Adolf Krebs[9]	United Kingdom	"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[61]
		Fritz Albert Lipmann[9]	United States	"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[61]
1958		Joshua Lederberg[9]	United States	"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[62]
1959		Arthur Kornberg[9]	United States	"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[63]
1964		Konrad Emil Bloch[9]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[64]
1965		François Jacob[9]	France	"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[65]
		André Michel Lwoff[9]
1967		George Wald[9]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[66]
1968		Marshall Warren Nirenberg[9]	United States	"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[67]
1969		Salvador Luria[9]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[68]
1970		Julius Axelrod[9]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[69]
		Bernard Katz[9]	United Kingdom
1972		Gerald Edelman[9]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[70]
1975		David Baltimore[9]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[71]
		Howard Martin Temin[9]	United States
1976		Baruch Samuel Blumberg[9]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[72]
1977		Andrew Schally	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"[73]
		Rosalyn Sussman Yalow[9]	United States	"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[73]
1978		Daniel Nathans[9]	United States	"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[74]
1980		Baruj Benacerraf[9]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[75]
1982		John Robert Vane	United Kingdom	"for his discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"[76]
1984		César Milstein[9]	Argentina United Kingdom	"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[77]
1985		Michael Stuart Brown[9]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[78]
		Joseph L. Goldstein[9]	United States
1986		Stanley Cohen[9]	United States	"for their discoveries of growth factors"[79]
		Rita Levi-Montalcini[9]	Italy
1988		Gertrude B. Elion[9]	United States	"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[80]
1989		Harold E. Varmus[9]	United States	"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[81]
1992		Edmond H. Fischer	Switzerland United States	"for his discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[82]
1994		Alfred G. Gilman[9]	United States	"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[83]
		Martin Rodbell[9]
1997		Stanley B. Prusiner[9]	United States	"for his discovery of Prions – a new biological principle of infection"[84]
1998		Robert F. Furchgott[9]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[85]
2000		Paul Greengard[9]	United States	"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[86]
		Eric Kandel[9]	United States
2002		Sydney Brenner[9]	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[87]
		H. Robert Horvitz[9]	United States
2004		Richard Axel	United States	"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[88]
2006		Andrew Fire	United States	"for his discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[89]

Physics

Year	Laureate[A]		Country[B]	Rationale[C]
1907		Albert Abraham Michelson[9]	United States	"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"[90]
1908		Gabriel Lippmann[9]	France	"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"[91]
1921		Albert Einstein[9]	Germany	"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"[92]
1922		Niels Bohr[9]	Denmark	"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"[93]
1925		James Franck[9]	Germany	"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"[94]
		Gustav Hertz[9]	Germany
1943		Otto Stern[9]	United States	"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"[95]
1944		Isidor Isaac Rabi[9]	United States	"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"[96]
1945		Wolfgang Pauli[97]	Austria	"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"[98]
1952		Felix Bloch[9]	United States	"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[99]
1954		Max Born[9]	United Kingdom	"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"[100]
1958		Ilya Frank	Soviet Union	"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[101]
		Igor Tamm[102]	Soviet Union
1959		Emilio Gino Segrè[9]	Italy	"for their discovery of the antiproton"[103]
1960		Donald A. Glaser	United States	"for the invention of the bubble chamber"[104]
1961		Robert Hofstadter[9]	United States	"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"[105]
1962		Lev Landau[9]	Soviet Union	"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"[106]
1963		Eugene Paul Wigner	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"[107]
1965		Richard Feynman[9]	United States	"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"[108]
		Julian Schwinger[9]	United States
1967		Hans Bethe[9]	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"[109]
1969		Murray Gell-Mann[9]	United States	"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"[110]
1971		Dennis Gabor[9]	United Kingdom	"for his invention and development of the holographic method"[111]
1972		Leon Cooper	United States	"for his jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"[112]
1973		Brian David Josephson[9]	United Kingdom	"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"[113]
1975		Ben Roy Mottelson[9]	Denmark	"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"[114]
1976		Burton Richter[9]	United States	"for his pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"[115]
1978		Arno Allan Penzias[9]	United States	"for his discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"[116]
1979		Sheldon Lee Glashow[9]	United States	"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"[117]
		Steven Weinberg[9]	United States
1988		Leon M. Lederman[9]	United States	"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"[118]
		Melvin Schwartz[9]	United States
		Jack Steinberger[9]	United States
1990		Jerome Isaac Friedman[9]	United States	"for his pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"[119]
1992		Georges Charpak	France	"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"[120]
1995		Martin Lewis Perl[9]	United States	"for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"[121]
		Frederick Reines[9]	United States	"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"[121]
1996		David Morris Lee[9]	United States	"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[122]
		Douglas D. Osheroff[9]	United States
1997		Claude Cohen-Tannoudji[9]	France	"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"[123]
2000		Zhores Alferov[9]	Russia	"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"[124]
2003		Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov	Russia United States	"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"[125]
		Vitaly Ginzburg	Russia
2004		David Gross	United States	"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[126]
		H. David Politzer	United States
2005		Roy J. Glauber	United States	"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"[127]

 

Peace Year Laureate[A] Country[B] Rationale[C] 1911 Tobias Michael Carel Asser[9] The Netherlands "Initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law at the Hague; Cabinet Minister; Lawyer"[128] Alfred Hermann Fried[9] Austria "Journalist; Founder of Die Friedenswarte"[128] 1968 René Cassin[9] France "President of the European Court for Human Rights"[129] 1973 Henry A. Kissinger[9] United States "For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam War and a withdrawal of the American forces"[130][131] 1978 Menachem Begin[9] Israel "for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"[132] 1986 Elie Wiesel[9] United States "Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""[133] 1994 Yitzhak Rabin[9] Israel "to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."[134] Shimon Peres[9] Israel 1995 Joseph Rotblat United Kingdom Poland "for his efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"[135]
Economics Year Laureate[A] Country[B] Rationale[C] 1970 Paul Samuelson[9] United States "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science" [136] 1971 Simon Kuznets[9] United States "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"[137] 1972 Kenneth Arrow[9] United States "for his pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"[138] 1973 Wassily Leontief Russia Germany United States "for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"[139] 1975 Leonid Kantorovich[9] Russia Germany United States "for his contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"[140] 1976 Milton Friedman[9] United States "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"[141] 1978 Herbert Simon[9] United States "for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"[142] 1980 Lawrence Klein[9] United States "for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"[143] 1985 Franco Modigliani[9] Italy United States "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"[144] 1987 Robert Solow[9] United States "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth""[145] 1990 Harry Markowitz[9] United States "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics""[146] Merton Miller United States 1992 Gary Becker[9] United States "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour""[147] 1993 Robert Fogel[9] United States "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"[148] 1994 John Harsanyi[9], Reinhard Selten Hungary United States "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"[149] 1997 Myron Scholes[9] Canada "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"[150] 2001 Joseph Stiglitz[9] United States "for his analyses of markets with asymmetric information"[151] 2002 Daniel Kahneman[9] Israel United States "for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"[152] 2005 Robert Aumann[153] Israel United States "for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"[154] 2007 Leonid Hurwicz[155][156][157] United States "For having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"[158] Eric Maskin United States Roger Myerson United States 2008 Paul Krugman[159] United States "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"[160 Forced to decline prize Only four laureates have been forced by authorities to decline the Nobel Prize. Three of them were (non-Jewish) Germans, who were prohibited from accepting the prize by Adolf Hitler in 1938 and in 1939. The fourth was Boris Pasternak, a Russian Jew. Pasternak was named the winner of the prize for Literature in 1958. He initially accepted the award, but—after intense pressure from Soviet authorities—subsequently declined it.
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